The overjumpings of electrons and the order of orbital
filling.
Let's write out electronic formulas 3d-row Sc 3d^1, Ti
3d^2, V 3d^3, Cr 3d^5 4s^1,
Mn
3d^5 4s^2, Fe 3d^6, Co 3d^7, Ni 3d^8, Cu 3d^10 4s^1, Zn 3d^10 4s^2. (4s ^ is
underlined only at change). By Pauli's principle one electron on orbital is
filling at the beginning. According to this principle let’s add a condition
that the first orbitals are connected with orbitals of the previous new family.
Previous family for d elements is p-family. P-family has three orbitals. It
means that orbitals of Sc, Ti, V are
connected with three 2p-orbitals.
2ð
2p
2p
Sc 3d^1
Ti
3d^2
V 3d^3
Further
two new orbitals are appeared. One of which considerably differs from others
(the assumption is that she is connected with 3s-orbital), the second one
without features.
Orbitals of Cr 3d^5 4s^1, Mn 3d^5 4s^2 are filling,
further a row Fe 3d^6, Co 3d^7, Ni 3d^8 follows. The electrons of this row take
empty seats on orbitals of Sc, Ti, V. Filling of
orbitals of Cu, Zn finish filling of orbitals.
Sc
3d^1
Ti
3d^2
V 3d^3
Cr 3d^5
4s^1 Mn 3d^5 4s^2, Fe
3d^6
Co
3d^7
Ni 3d^8
Cu 3d^10 4s^1 Zn 3d^10
4s^2
Under
the scheme of connection of orbitals the table
is constructed
P.S.
About the same scheme of cyclicity it is possible to make for all other families.
Except of cyclicity of orbitals 3 2 3 2 for
d-elements, there exist such cyclicities – “reversed”, "regressive"
and "progressive". For their construction it is necessary to number
orbitals.
But also other cyclicity exists which is connected
with growth of number of electrons in atom. When electron is filling
, the cyclicity is defined by occurrence of every new electron instead
of orbital for two electrons.
Different types of cyclicity connected with representing of different properties
of atom.
The following table shows a duality of properties of some elements
according to similarity of a spatial arrangement of orbitals. It may also be presented in
more compact
form. The difference of
this table from previous one is that it shows secondary properties of elements,
connected with ð-orbitals and d-orbitals, not with s-orbitals (more in detail
about it read in my next publications)
Tables consider secondary properties of elements.
D-elements
have oxidation-reduction properties (the degree of oxidation) as primary
properties, and properties which are determined by series of activity of metals
as secondary ones. In general secondary properties are the properties changing
cyclically inside family. Secondary properties of ð-elements (activity which
corresponds with some primary properties) in many respects coincide with the
basic properties (The text and the table will be published later). D-elements
has secondary properties as expressed more brightly that is they may easily be
distinguished from the primary ones (cyclicity of a series of activity of
metals does not coincide with cyclicity of increasing of the degree of
oxidation)
And
f-elements do not have such periodicity of primary properties as previous
elements have.
I’ll
publish more complex mechanisms of cyclicity in my future works.
Periodicity
of electrochemical potentials in even
and odd sublevels of
d-elements.
Let's write out electrochemical potentials of
d-elements.
http://courses.washington.edu/dtsclass/Echem_series.pdf
|
Sc |
Ti |
V |
Cr |
Mn |
Fe |
Co |
Ni |
Cu |
Zn |
|
-2,077 |
-1,63 |
-1,175 |
-0,937 |
-1,192 |
-0,441 |
-0,277 |
-0,234 |
0,3419 |
-0,763 |
|
Y |
Zr |
Nb |
Mo |
Tc |
Ru |
Rh |
Pd |
Ag |
Cd |
|
-2,372 |
-1,45 |
-1,099 |
-0,2 |
0,4 |
0,455 |
0,758 |
0,951 |
0,7996 |
-0,403 |
|
Lu |
Hf |
Ta |
W |
Re |
Os |
Ir |
Pt |
Au |
Hg |
|
-2,28 |
-1,55 |
-0,6 |
0,1 |
-0,3 |
??? |
1,156 |
1,18 |
1,8 |
0,851 |
Let's
find a difference of potentials between the next elements inside one sublevel
of d-elements of the above mentioned table. For example, for first two next
elements:
-2.077
(Sc) --1.63 (Ti) =-0.447. Thus let’s construct tables of differences of
potentials of near located (next) elements:
For 3d - a sublevel (Sc-Zn)
|
-0,447 |
-0,455 |
-0,238 |
0,255 |
-0,751 |
-0,164 |
-0,043 |
-0,576 |
1,1049 |
For 4d - a sublevel (Y-Cd)
|
-0,922 |
-0,351 |
-0,899 |
-0,6 |
-0,055 |
-0,303 |
-0,193 |
0,1514 |
1,2026 |
For 5d - a sublevel (Lu-Hg)
|
-0,73 |
-0,95 |
-0,7 |
0,4 |
-1,1 |
-0,356 |
-0,024 |
-0,62 |
0,949 |
I have picked up value of electrochemical potential 0,85 for Os.
Now let's construct the graph of a difference of
potentials for 3d and 5d elements.
If the graph does not open - the kept copy of the graph
Similarities
of periodic maxima and minima for not constructed graph of a difference of
potentials of 4d-elements became
observable if the data is to turn from right to left and to increase on «-1».
An initial row of a difference of potentials of
4d-elements:
|
|
-0,351 |
-0,899 |
-0,6 |
-0,055 |
-0,303 |
-0,193 |
0,1514 |
1,2026 |
-0,922
The turned row of a difference of potentials for
4d-elements:
|
1,2026 |
0,1514 |
-0,193 |
-0,303 |
-0,055 |
-0,6 |
-0,899 |
-0,351 |
-0,922 |
Let's increase each value of the previous lines on "-1":
|
-1,203 |
-0,151 |
0,193 |
0,303 |
0,055 |
0,6 |
0,899 |
0,351 |
0,922 |
Let's construct all three graphs:
If the graphs does
not open - the kept copy of the graphs
For
to shape potentials of 6d-elements - it is necessary to add differences
of potentials of 4d-elements to known value of electrochemical potential of Lr.
The
periodic table of overjumpings of electrons and electrochemical
row of a
pressure of metals for 3d and 5d-elements.
Let's write out from electrochemical lines of pressure of metals
transitive metals of 3d-sublevel, in decreasing order of regenerative activity.
Sc, Ti, V, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu.
Under the order of numbers (21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30) elements are
built in a number:
Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn.
From lines of activity of metals it is visible: at elements Sc, Ti, V,
and Fe, Co, Ni, Cu the consecutive order of following of numbers is kept. At
elements Mn, Zn, Cr, the order of following of numbers is inconsistent.
Let's write down a number of elements in a column: 4 elements, 4
elements, 2 elements as it is drawn in the table
Sc, Ti, V, Cr,
Mn, Fe, Co, Ni,
Cu, Zn.
Let’s combine three elements from lines of
pressure (Mn, Zn, Cr,) in one vertical line:
Sc, Ti,
V, Cr,
Mn, Fe, Co, Ni,
Cu, Zn.
Lets combine all elements under the order of following in
a row of activity with arrows:
Let's represent the sequence which turned
out as a spiral. Such model is offered in the figure2.
Continuation
see at figure3
– the overjumpings of electrons in the table of electrochemical potentials.
For 4d- and
6d-elements figure is not exact enough.
Author Oleg
Aleksandrov, 17.06. 2004
ã.
Continuation
on www.genevo.org/H.htm
, www.genevo.org/S.htm , www.genevo.org/Z1.htm ,
The main
page http://www.genevo.org.